To
speak on the environmental problems, to program or to question Ecology today
became an emergent and philosophical subject in the several followings of the
society.
Universities
worry, and they demonstrate it, organizing graduation courses and powders
graduation that qualify professionals to try to solve the environmental
problems, companies increase to its departments environmental projects and the
such spoken ecological conscience, in search of the total quality.
We
are a race that survives through the consumption. Everything that we consumed,
part is discarded, part is absorbed. That discards it is deposited in the
environment under the form of plastic packings, of paper or metal, that played
in the rubbish, there they stay to put hundreds of years.
The
evolution is a process gradual and fast, it is impossible to walk in a slower
way, but we can act consciously, if we believe in the urgent need of doing a
constant practice of the selective process of garbage. It would be the
solution for the environmental and social problems of this final of century.
In
organized way with strong base, being the education and review it of knowledge
to the community a practice always parallel, these information would be an
effective product in the solutions wanted for the environmental problems.
Being created a palliative in the contention of expenses of resources didn't
renew as petroleum, metals, forests, energy electric among others.
1.
Introduction
To
know the human being, today he/she becomes extremely easy, it is enough for
that we observe to put little time the place where he lives and it discards
its residues.
Did
we already wonder the one what it takes us to consume so much packings and to
discard them in some land that serves us as rubbish?
We
already stopped to analyze what really results of our consumption sad when we
noticed that so much empty packings (that cost expensive to our pocket) they
are serving as middle of survival for another human beings less favored by the
financial luck, that they find with easiness deposed in the material so much
environment that still possesses usefulness, many are the times that the media
informs us of close rubbish to urban areas where a lot of people are used of
the material that they find, selling to recycle industries. If to the opposite,
we were aware that the garbage selection is antecedent step the recycle and
that this will benefit the nature, preserving our resources renewed (the water
considered resource renewer, today already is known that has a time foreseen
to end) and our wage, we would be like this walking for solutions. Today it is
spoken in environmental education, ecology, maintainable development, more
than ever we are demonstrating that are up-to-date and worried with the future,
that we are part of a naturalistic generation, but we didn't open hand of the
plastic packing, almost that artistic (depending on the brand) of the soda in
can or plastic, of the milk and juice in box. Where is then ours such spoken
ecological conscience?
To
speak in environmental preservation, in duties, in solutions this intimately
linked to the biological and legislative knowledge that are indispensable for
who he/she makes any public placement in this sense. Public acts are already
too explored to put you vary entities, without increasing a lot of thing in
the long course of the community's understanding, it is necessary plus,
perhaps if we change our culture consuming, always Contemplating in the real
need of there being the consumption cannot him Reduce (different of wasting)
or to Reuse the whole material that goes possible (different of it discards)
to Recycle only this way can also Be sure that the nature will be preserved,
without he/she swims unnecessarily it belongs to her extracted. He/she makes
himself necessary a permanent action and conjoint. Several they are the
segments of the society with competence for this.
2.
Rural Environmental Management
The
man since a long time, comes acting as a creator, capable to produce, to
innovate and to drift. It possesses an only condition in the universe, that is
the reasoning, but it doesn't believe that the nature to only put itself, it
can behave, to recycle, producing its own food and to adapt the
transformations. The nature becomes more supreme than the man, he/she doesn't
just act with aggression.
Historically
the man comes transforming the nature, in search of improving its life quality.
He/she tells us CARMO (1990) “... we didn't ignore that the quality of
intended life, associated to a group of conditions that you/they interfere in
the educational process... it is undeniable, however that qualified organs
recuperate this pattern, it would be this the largest contribution for the
social, cultural formation and politics of the society.”
In
Estocolmo(1972) Gal. Costa Cavalcanti, then minister of the interior, already
said that if it went precise to pay a high price for the environmental
degradation, so that the man conquered the such longed for life quality, it
would be I pay. Later, 1992 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil cede new world conference
of environment. Our concept of life quality was already other, we worried
about the environment in another way, movements were already being organized,
ONG`s was mobilized. Of this encounter they left approved 5 documents, where
we committed to rescue values in I benefit of the environmental recovery, the
concept of life quality then passed being integrated definitively in planning’s
of environmental management.
Enter
the documents that he/she came caring in this project are the Brazilian
Calendar 21, we found in her, an action program for the maintainable
development, where specifically he/she will be interested Cap. III, art. 2,
paragraph 16 - agriculture and environmental handling,”... the initiatives
to improve the environmental quality in agricultural area are still incipient.
In spite of some companies they already begin to adopt preventive strategies,
in what he/she refers, to the handling of human residues in agricultural area....”
with this affirmative one we reiterated the placement done during report of
this project, that it is developed in rural area in an unusual way, we
qualified ourselves with base in bibliographies here countersigned from where
we removed content to develop and to become aware our objectives.
We
considered real situations then, as difficult access for retreat of the
garbage, the community's understanding, storage of the garbage, and through a
focus interdisciplinary and holistic (ecology, psychology, medicine)e of the
active participation and responsible of each individual as well as of the
collective, he/she settled down a beginning of the project.
The
idea of selective collection increases solutions for the environmental
problems generated by the immense amount of garbage picked up periodically of
the urban conglomerate, this practice makes possible the recycle, it aids in
the control of pollution of chargers water or sheet subsoil, in the instant
that leaves of the environment tons of garbage, destining the recycle, it is
eliminated contamination’s then in the soil and in the water.
Any
that is our proposal when we referred to the environment, we will always have
to consider the management of the human residues, to each short period, an
elevated amount of garbage is discarded, in the soil, in the water. The
degradation of this residue won't happen in a natural way (to see table 2).
To
put that when a company is aware of this need and it starts to invest
resources to develop solutions, it is not only changing the conscience or
implanting an environmental program, it is more than this, it will be
preserving green areas, when it recycles paper, it will avoid the extraction
of you hoist colors for cellulose production, the recycle of the aluminum
contributes so that miners as bauxite, piperita, cupirita (resources didn't
renew) besides the drastic reduction of the consumption of electric energy
they are not drained shortly. Also the petroleum that you are saved, in the
recycle of the plastic preserves voluminous amount of naphtha (matter excels
for resins that create the different plastic).
The
plastic packing possess a symbol in triangle of arrows with a I number inside,
this numeration is that tells us that type of plastic is made the packing, in
table to proceed can recognize the most common types:
The
plastics are matter it excels for recycle, used in bottles of sodas, pails,
pipes of hydraulic installation, plastic sack, pots, isopor packing, packing
of victuals.
The
metals when recycled they leave of being explored, decreasing the emission
gases in the atmosphere, which aids in the elevation of the effect stove in
some way. Result of the whole recycle is always contention of energy, balance
ecological, larger time of life for our planet. Therefore it is not simply a
project of selective garbage implanted by the company, it is mainly the
recovering of residues in the economy generation.
When
we intend to implant a project of selective garbage in rural community we were
aware that we would provoke changes in the social and environmental behavior,
but the one that more it objectified us it was to Have the certainty that the
environmental quality would be the prize that we would receive.
The
environmental quality is inseparable part of the total quality, according to
GERBER (1999), even so it is only possible to reach this condition with the
whole community's participation (employees, family).
We
started then to drive our objectives based in legal data. It is known that in
February of 1998, a new legislation was inserted in our code, what only came
to reinforce the qualification purpose, he/she tells us HOEWELL (1998) that...
each one is responsible for the garbage that produces.” being like this more
an important point was lifted in the community understanding, also HOEWELL
(1998) it informs that in the separate garbage:
Ø
it is possible to find health and well to be
Ø
absence of insects and rodents
Ø
cleaning without bad smell
Ø
preservation of the environment when saving the resources renewed
Ø
ecological conscience
Big
Rio of the South is pioneer in the environmental control, but the federal
legislation came to reinforce the obligatory of a demanding conduct in the
treatment of the environment.
According
to the Constitution Federal Brazilian of 1988, art. 225,” everybody is
entitled to the environment balanced ecological, well of use common of the
people and essential to the healthy life quality....” With the statement of
Aragão-1997 that the economic development and environmental preservation are
considered antagonistic objectives, it is necessary to do a rational use of
our natural resources, in the preservation attempt. “The nature not this
disentitled of all the needs of the human being.”
DELITTI
(1991) he/she affirms that...” the ecological knowledge, ally to the
development and technology, it has been permeating the human activities, and
that us while community, conscious and qualified we make a reflection and
recycle of our attitudes, sells the man and the nature as interlinked.” The
man will pass, the nature already showed that survives.
This
was the main factor that motivated the formation of this selective project in
rural community.
An
equivalent one exists among recycled material, preservation and degradation of
this material, it is easier we analyze below with the table:
It
controls 2–time of environmental degradation to put residues:
|
RECYCLED
MATERIAL
|
PRESERVATION
|
DECOMPOSIÇÃO
|
|
1000
paper kg
|
the
court of 20 trees
|
1
to 3 months
|
|
1000
kg of plastic
|
extraction
of thousands of liters of petroleum
|
200
to 450 years
|
|
1000
kg of aluminum
|
extraction
of 5000 miner kg
|
100
to 500 years
|
|
1000
glass kg
|
extraction
of 1300 kg of sand
|
4000
years
|
Source:
Manual THE Packing and the environment (1999)
“Garbage
is what it remains of the a person's passage for the planet and, if it be not
recycled, it will be polluting the earth hundreds of years. We won't be here,
but our garbage, yes. Each one is responsible for the garbage that produces!
“, in agreement with Hoewell/98.
Perhaps
acting can minimize like this the damages of this evolutionary process.
Acting
politically, in an including way and believing in the community's perseverance
is possible to modify a mentality formed along the time.
3.
Methodology
It
was in this way that we projected the work described to proceed, I Sand
selective, hug this idea, where we tried to act always in team, with patience
and certainty that to give right it is something that we should feed every day
and not only a theoretical rule to induce to an objective.
3.1
Description of the Area:
Villa
Sarandi, Br 471 km 55, 50 houses of conjugated rooms, he/she cooks, bathroom,
patio, whole walled (vide photo) they live together 4 people on the average p
/ it marries, lodgings, the inhabitants - workers in the lavoura of rice,
transport exists between the villas and the school, 01 medical department
inside of the administrative thirst with pediatrician, gynecologist, clinical
general, plan of health. To educate level between 5th and incomplete 8th
series. Some inhabitants possess 2nd degree, generally these possess
agricultural technician's position
In
the community, between permanent inhabitants and temporary they circulate on
the average for the villa 150 person/day, that discard its residues in the
environment in some way (even a simple bullet paper).
Did
we begin then with the first questionable, that destiny has the garbage picked
up at the villa?
They
exist in the streets brasses of selective garbage and a deposit of storage of
this garbage. But as to do with what the people do they practice the selection
of the garbage in the residences?
Basically
this is the only problem that we found at the villa Sarandi, others they were
current of this, such as, verminose, domestic insects, mice’s, some
occasional diseases.
It
was then precise to analyze the fixed and transitory inhabitants' behavior,
for each one a special attention was released. This way, the conclusion went
to following:
3.1.1
fixed inhabitants
In
this table it was only considered personal data (educate) of the interviewees,
a number of 20% among 100 people didn't accept to answer the questionnaire.
Fixed
inhabitants:
With
relationship to the sex:
Men.........................................................
35%
Women.........................................................
45%
Adolescents..........................................................
12%
Children.........................................................
8%
As
the to educate:
1st
degree.............................................................. 90%
2nd
degree.............................................................. 5%
Illiterate............................................................
5%
As
the age:
16
– 20 .................................................................
10%
21
– 26 ................................................................
30%
27
– 39 ................................................................
.. 45%
40
– 50 ..................................................................
15%
3.1.2.
Transitory
inhabitants
Of
this category they are part, employees hired provisory for crops, truck
drivers, bar, visitors, trainees, research team. For these an explanatory
letter was created where we exposed the need to use the brasses correctly,
already respecting a norm existent in the community, so that during the
collection there were not upset in it discards it of the garbage.
3.2.
Diagnosis
of the environmental problems
The
inhabitants' behavior with relationship to the it discards of the garbage it
is inadequate, selective 3 brasses of garbage’s already exist (implanted á
previously this project) arranged in area urban sporadic in several points of
the villa, it is not made the selection of the garbage correctly, a
dissatisfaction of the inhabitants also exists with relationship to the that
don't make the selection.
The
water is captured of well for box of water, I possessed flavor, scent and
cloudy aspect, in some accentuated periods that in others.
They
possess fishing habit, it hunts and bathing in close channels the tillage of
rice.
Occurrence
of great number of cases of leptospirose, including 1 death, in a period of 12
months, this fact did with that stopped with more insistence in the subjects
of public health and focuses of diseases transmitted in places with reservoirs
of close garbage the residences.
4.
Developed activities
It
proceeds then, description of the activities developed in the several sections
of the company, joining entities partners that are included in the context of
the company, also eats for example the existent municipal school and the
medical department.
4.1
Public health
Any
work addressed to the selection, recycle, or it collects of garbage it
deserves a special attention as the concern with the health.
You
vary times we mentioned during the work health it publishes, this way,
generalizing will be including, animals that proliferate him and that they
survive in atmospheres with garbage, diseases caused by the contact with the
garbage, microorganisms that you/they are developed in that set and
consequences in the human health, animal, of the plants, of the soil, of the
water.
Diseases
acquired by the contact with the garbage
It
is located in the km 63, of same Br, in the villa where the administrative
section of the company works.
They
make part of the objectives curricula’s of the school the environmental
preservation, understanding of the importance that it should be given to the
treatment with the nature, respect to the environment. They are worked with
the students concepts and you practice of environmental, social and human
ecology.
The
project was accepted hair teachers as more a complement to the so much
teaching practices, already used in the school (films, lectures, walks,
artistic activities) however, we had the concern of we never interfere already
in the methodology implanted hair teachers.
Applied
in groups of 1st to 8th series of the 1st degree, lectures, films, shops of
arts (subject: environmental preservation, I sand selective, life quality,
public health, products transgênicos, vegetable garden tames)
In
the school a vegetable garden already exists, administered to put a teacher,
the direction it was shown interested in we make shops of domestic vegetable
garden, and with the support of Big Emater/Rio the tunnel making was
programmed for plantation of vegetables and teas, we presented for so much
lectures and videos on the subject.
5.
Results and discussions:
Used
firstly, visits to the place for recognition of the atmosphere (janeiro/99).
After they were made bibliographical researches for elaboration of didactic
folder's on subjects related with the problems previously mentioned (January
and fevereiro/99).
It
was precise to contact people that had readiness of giving lectures in the
place, inside of the proposed subjects, according to catalogue enclosed.
It
was necessary the formulation of the questionnaires, considering that the
psychological aspect was the base objective, inside of this project, because
for we reach the goal proposal (I sand selected) it was necessary that
happened a change of habits and this only happens when we reach some
psychological aspects of the human being.
There
were distribution of didactic material and posters permanently in strategic
points of the inhabitants' frequent passage, as well as distribution of
messages spirituality.
The
important considered subjects to approach in lectures, shops, left of
questionable facts in the meetings (March, abril/99)
As
support material, we served ourselves as didactic pamphlets supplied by Emater,
films, shops of medicinal plants.
6.
Studied solutions and applied:
For
the problem of the selection of the garbage, it was proposed that if it
maintained weekly encounters with lectures and discussions, this way it would
be possible to the community's understanding.
It
was also established that each residence would receive 4 packings for it
discards of its selected garbage (paper, plastic, vidro/metal, organic) that
at once of the withdrawal the employee would verify the urban and individual
collection points they were been selected correctly, it was together certain
with the direction of the company that the selective collection in the
residences would be included in them norm of employees' of the company
admission and that the employee that not to it respected it would suffer
punishment.
For
the problem of the water, they were made analyses microbiological (microbiology
laboratory UCPEL) to detect potable levels and bacteriological, found in two
of the 3 points of collection total and fecal coliformes in inapt considered
index for human use. Leaving of these information recommended the company the
treatment use the base of hipoclorito of sodium in the reservoirs of water and
to the inhabitants it was reviewed in lectures and informative forms of home
cleaning of water.
Passed
some months, re-done the exams microbiological only one of the points
continued with elevated index of fecal and total coliformes.
7.
Conclusions
Concluded
the project of selective garbage in the villa Sarandi, Br 471 km 55, that for
7 months (from janeiro/99 to julho/99) it was developed, we can analyze that
the inhabitants adapted the idea of garbage selection after understanding that
this is the best form of preserving the environment, being already under the
responsibility of the administration of the company the withdrawal and final
destiny of the garbage selected in the deposits. During this period in that
the understanding was our commitment, we contributed with a significant
portion so that whole residue poluidor was removed of the environment. During
this period the soil stopped receiving materials you didn't degrade short term
(plastic, metal, rubber, cloth, leather), this way it was possible a
rebuilding, a lthough small, of its nutrients.
Our
commitment didn't give him only in aesthetic ambit, but yes, in the
collaboration with the natural preservation of nutrients of the soil, with the
selection of prepared residues for recycle stopped depositing in the soil a
considerable amount of material discarded by the human consumption, avoiding
the energy waste of the soil in the degradation of residues. The environmental
impact in the soil that came being caused it was miscarried and very shortly
we can see flourishing healthy life in the place where before it was only
possible to see remains of human consumption.
The
psychological factor also quite worked, where it can be checked by the active
participation in the lectures, of the inhabitants and for the interest with
that tried to extract you doubt out of the period of lectures, I diagnose
fellow creature it was rendered by the doctor of family health of the existent
position, where it verified that during the development of this work there was
a to lessen in the it tries to put consultations of 70%.
Today
it can be observed that the withdrawal of the garbage totally arrives clean
and already selected in the deposits. So that they don't happen regressions in
the course of the garbage process, we considered important that happens a
periodic maintenance of biweekly or monthly revision, that the encounters are
maintained where the lectures should be constant.
8.
Bibliographical references
|
BRAZIL,
Law no. 9.605, of 12. Fev.1998. The law of the environmental crimes
refers the infractions and punishments incorrente in damage to the
balance of the environment. Brazil, Diário Oficial of the Union,
13.Fev. 1998, section 1, p1.
|
|
CAPOBIANCO,
J. P. The true Brazilian environmental problems. São Paulo:
New School, September, 32-37, 1991.
|
|
D`ALMEIDA,
M. L. O., VILHENHA, A. I sand Municipal; Manual of Integrated
Gerenciamento. 2nd ed. São Paulo: IPT/CEMPRE, 2000. 370p.
|
|
NATIONAL
FOUNDATION OF THE HEALTH. Manual Of Basic Saneamento. 3rd ed.
Brasília: M.M. THE / F.N.S, 1999. 374p.
|
|
GERBER,
W. Solid residues and Reciclagem. Apostil of environmental
Impact. 3rd ed. Balls: UCPel, 1999. 30p.
|
|
It
RASPS, L. M. Q. Garbage
Treatment and Biorremediação. 3rd ed.
São Paulo: Publishing Hemus Ltda, 1995. 265p
|
|
MINISTRY
OF THE environment. On the way to the Brazilian Calendar 21;
Beginnings and Actions, M.M.A, Brasília, 1997. 244
p.
|
|
MULLER,
J. Environmental education. Porto Alegre Ed. Famurs,
1998. 146 p.
|
|
SPIGEL,
M.R. Statistics; I Summarize of the theory 875 resolved problems, 619
proposed problems. Translation Pedro Consentino São Paulo:
McGraw-Hill of Brazil, 1979. 580p
|
|
VIANNA,
J. C. T. A proposal of environmental education with emphasis in
meteorology in the teaching of sciences in the schools of 1st degree
of Balls. Dissertation of Mestrado. I Laugh Big: Mestrado in
Environmental Education. Foundation Federal University of Big Rio,
1998, 151p.
|
|
VILHENA,
A. It guides of the selective collection of garbage. São
Paulo: CEMPRE, 1999. 84p.
|
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